Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv flux, cov ntaub ntawv kis ceev tau mus txog gigabit ib ob (Gbps). Txawm hais tias nws tab tom txiav -ntug cov duab processors, siab - kev ua tau zoo hauv kev suav, lossis 5G smartphones hauv peb txhais tes, lawv "lub plawv dhia" yog los ntawm kev ua tib zoo tsim siab - ceev luam tawm Circuit Board (PCB). High-kev ceev PCB tsim tau ntev dhau qhov pib ntawm kev txuas txhua yam yooj yim. Nws yog ib qho kev kos duab zoo nkauj uas ua ke nrog electromagnetics, teeb liab kev ncaj ncees, thiab thermodynamics, thiab yog lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab txhim khu kev qha ntawm cov tshuab digital.
Core Challenge: Thaum Cov Hlau Tsis Muaj "Ideal" lawm
Hauv qis- cov kab hluav taws xob ceev, cov kab PCB tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev sib txuas hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov teeb liab zaus nce thiab cov npoo nce siab, cov xov hlau pib nthuav tawm lawv qhov "tsis yog-" zoo tagnrho, ua rau peb qhov kev sib tw tseem ceeb:
Cov teeb meem kev ncaj ncees (SI) cov kev sib tw: siab- cov cim zaus ntsib kev cuam tshuam (vim impedance discontinuities), crosstalk (electromagnetic cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb liab kab uas nyob ib sab), thiab poob (lub teeb liab attenuation vim tus neeg xyuas pib thiab dielectric). Cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem ua rau lub teeb liab waveform distortion, lub sij hawm cuam tshuam, thiab, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, kev tuag tsis raug.
Lub hauv paus pob zeb ntawm lub zog ncaj ncees (PI): Siab- cov chips ceev ua rau muaj qhov hloov pauv loj heev thaum hloov lub xeev tam sim. Yog hais tias lub hwj chim faib network (PDN) tsis teb tam sim ntawd, lub hwj chim mov suab nrov thiab hauv av thaws yuav tshwm sim, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ua haujlwm. Lub hwj chim huv huv yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau siab -ceev kev ruaj ntseg.
Sib npaug electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): High-cov kab hluav taws xob ceev ceev yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob (EMI). Kev tsim tsis tsim nyog tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom lag luam yog "kev cuam tshuam lub tshuab hluav taws xob," tsis ua raws li kev tswj hwm cov ntawv pov thawj; tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sab nraud. Kev tsim EMC zoo heev yuav tsum muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm kev tawm suab thiab txhawb kev tiv thaiv suab nrov.
Lub tswv yim tswv yim: nthuav dav Craftsmanship los ntawm Blueprint mus rau cov khoom tiav
Tau ntsib cov teeb meem no, siab -kev tsim PCB ceev yuav tsum ua raws li cov txheej txheem nruj:
Kev npaj ua ntej-simulation yog "daim ntawv qhia kev taw qhia": Ua ntej layout thiab routing, siv cov cuab yeej simulation ua ntej- tshuaj xyuas cov tes hauj lwm tseem ceeb (xws li moos, qhov sib txawv, thiab siab - tsheb npav ceev). Kev txiav txim siab cov qauv stackup, lub hom phiaj impedance, thiab cov kev cai routing minimizes tom qab hloov kho thiab txuag nqi tseem ceeb thiab lub sij hawm.
Impedance tswj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav cov teeb liab kev ncaj ncees: Impedance tswj yog lub hauv paus rau kev ua tiav cov teeb liab kev ncaj ncees. Los ntawm kev suav cov kab dav dav, dielectric thickness, thiab dielectric tas li, tus yam ntxwv impedance ntawm cov kab sib kis (feem ntau 50Ω lossis 100Ω sib txawv) yog khaws cia tas li. Qhov no yuav tsum tau muaj kev sib koom tes nrog PCB cov chaw tsim khoom kom ntseeg tau tias lawv cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim.
Daim duab ntawm Txheej Txheej thiab Layout: Ib lub suab sib dhos tsim muab lub dav hlau ua tiav (feem ntau yog lub dav hlau hauv av) rau cov cim tseem ceeb, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov kev rov qab los tam sim no thiab txo qis qhov chaw voj voog. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem yuav tsum ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov teeb liab ntws, ua kom luv txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb thiab zam kev hla.
Cov Txheej Txheem Sib Txawv thiab Kev Txiav Txim Siab: Siab- cov tsheb npav ceev ceev (xws li PCIe thiab SATA) feem ntau siv cov teeb liab sib txawv, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj li ib qho - xaus cov cim. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv cov kev txiav tawm kom tsim nyog (xws li qhov kev txiav tawm) ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov kab sib kis tau zoo nqus lub zog thiab tshem tawm cov teeb meem kev xav.
Txhim kho Lub Hwj Chim Fais Fab (PDN): Kev siv lub tswv yim ntawm "loj capacitors rau qis- zaus suab nrov thiab me me capacitors rau siab- suab nrov," decoupling capacitors yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ze ntawm lub nti lub hwj chim pins. Thaum tsim nyog, siv lub dav hlau fais fab thiab qis -inductance vias los tsim qis -impedance PDNs.
Cov ntawv tshaj tawm nruj- pov thawj: Tom qab kev ua tiav, kev tshaj tawm tag nrho- simulation, suav nrog SI, PI, thiab EMI tsom xam, yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias tus qauv tsim tau raws li txhua qhov kev ua tau zoo. Qhov no zoo li qhov kev kuaj zaum kawg ua ntej lub dav hlau tso tawm; nws ua kom cov khoom lag luam ua tiav.
Xaus
High-Kev tsim PCB nrawm yog qhov kev ua si ntawm lub cev, xav kom cov kws ua haujlwm ua haujlwm rau pem hauv ntej- xav txog kev xav thiab kev ua haujlwm nruj heev. Nws tsis yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev sib txuas cov khoom; nws yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab cov khoom ua tau zoo, kev ntseeg siab, thiab sijhawm rau kev ua lag luam. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb uas cov ntaub ntawv txhais lub neej yav tom ntej, mastering siab -ceev tsim txhais tau hais tias tuav tus yuam sij rau kev qhib lub ncov kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog digital.